The Hudson River And Pcb Pollution Essays - Monsanto, Pollutants

The Hudson River And Pcb Pollution Essays - Monsanto, Pollutants The Hudson River And Pcb Pollution The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery in Manhattan, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and reaches its widest point of 3 miles across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most beautiful and scenic of the Tri-State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New Yorks most polluted river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600s, when Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an exploration of the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this was no Atlantic-to-Pacific passage but an Edenlike place of awesome potential-a river valley teeming with prospect and spirit that was worth fighting for. In the centuries that followed, the fight for the river and its commerce never stopped, and still continues to the present. Then during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of hulking m anufacturing plants on the riverbanks, everything changed. The river became a sewer, cut off from the people around it by the electrification of the railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal instantly opened trade to the Midwest by linking Troy to Buffalo and established the Hudson River as the major commerce channel for New York City. Tycoons transformed the landscape in New York and across the country with the railroad, and the Hudson River valley became a hotbed for iron mining, limestone quarrying and clear-cutting. Toward the 19th century, when dynamite blasting was reducing the face of the Palisades to rubble, conservationists became alarmed that something was being lost to progress. In 1900, New York and New Jersey established the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to preserve the cliffs from further quarrying. Although conservation efforts continued into the 20th century, there was no progress to protect the Hudson River and its banks from industrial pollution. Some of the largest factories in the nation started production on the Hudson River, including Anaconda Wire and Cable in Hastings-on-Hudson and GM in the present day Sleepy Hallow, discharging waste into the river. There are numerous known contaminated sites around the U.S. Among the most dangerous of these, and of particular concern to residents of the Hudson Valley, are the forty hot spots in the Hudson River resulting from the dumping and leakage from General Electric plants at Fort Edward and Hudson Falls. From 1947 to 1977, these two plants legally discharged from 500,000 to 1.5 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson, and unknowingly saturated the bedrock beneath both sites with at least that much again. There are PCBs in Hudson River water, biota, and sediment from Hudson Falls to New York City - 200 miles that comprise the nations largest Superfund site. Pure PCBs are oozing out of the bedrock to this day, constantly recontaminating the river and over 300,000 pounds remain concentrated in bottom sediments of the river today. The spread of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the food chain, which it supports, has created one of the most extensive hazardous waste problems in the nation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of synthetic oil-like chemicals (therefore insoluble in water) of the organochlorine family. Until their toxic nature was recognized and their use was banned in the 1970s, they were widely used as insulation in electrical equipment, particularly transformers. Reputable chemists have since concluded, it was probably a mistake ever to make or use PCBs. These are serious poisons, which have been shown to cause damage to the reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and humans and are known to cause cancer. Exposure has also been linked to behavioral damage. Specifically, because PCBs in the body mimic estrogen, women of childbearing age and their infants are particularly susceptible to a variety of development and reproductive disorders. Once in the body, these compounds do one of two things: they block the normal passage of hormones into their receptors, or, mimic the hormone itself and enter the receptor in lieu of the hormo ne. By doing so can irrevocably alter and damage the development of the organism.

Air Pollution and Global Warming on Aboriginals - Free Samples

Climate change is one of the issues germinated through the diabolical policy problem around the world. Rapid growth of the industries and the capital boom in the world market has leading to deterioration in the air pollution, which ultimately causing global warming (Knibbs and Sly 2014). One of the most threatened groups of indigenous population lives in Australia who is seemed to be suffering from the adverse effect of the climate change (Scarano and Ceotto 2015). Under this stringent condition of the aboriginals around the world, this report is aimed to consider the effect of the air pollution and the global warming on the indigenous population of the Australian population. According to the intergovernmental Panel on Climate change’s Third Assessment Report (TAR) it has been found that the Australian aboriginals are one of the two most threatened indigenous groups in the world that has been suffering heavily due to the adverse effect of the climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2015). Now, the irony is that, there have been plenty of researches on the environment and development issues in Australia during last thirteen years; however most of them are concerned about the climate change laws of Australia other than the northern territories and fragmented in nature. Previous researches have failed to provide any long term engagement program between the community and government, which can assess the climate change and global warming effect on the Australian aboriginals (Race et al. 2016). Thus, this research is aimed to assess the effect of air pollution and global warming on the aboriginal of Australia through comparative analysi s of population living in northern region of the country with the non indigenous population of Australia. Over the time various foreign communities has came to the Australia and captured the land of the aboriginal people during the seventeenth century (Gilbert 2016). Since then, indigenous people have shifted to the northern territory of Australian and non indigenous population has exploited the country’s natural resource to a great extent leading to air pollution and global warming. According to Flora (2018), there has been various researches regarding the challenges and issues faced by the non indigenous population due to air pollution and global warming, however very few has addressed the case of indigenous population. There are more than 100,000 Australian indigenous people who presently live in remote areas of the country, whose majority section can be found in the Northern territory of the Australia and according to the TAR report their health condition and resource availability is getting deteriorated day by day (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2015). Under this s cenario, this research is essential for assessing the magnitude of the effect of air pollution and global warming from the point of view of the Australian indigenous population, The potential threat to the existence of aboriginal peoples is at stake due to the institutional and legal barriers raised through the various governmental programs regarding the environment and development. Under the purview of the situation of the Australian indigenous populations, this research is aimed to discuss the effect of air pollution and global warming on the aboriginal population of Australia. Flora, C.B., 2018.  Rural communities: Legacy+ change. Routledge. Gilbert, J., 2016.  Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights under International Law. Brill. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015.  Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change  (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press. Knibbs, L.D. and Sly, P.D., 2014. Indigenous health and environmental risk factors: an Australian problem with global analogues?.  Global health action,  7(1), p.23766. Race, D., Mathew, S., Campbell, M. and Hampton, K., 2016. Understanding climate adaptation investments for communities living in desert Australia: experiences of indigenous communities.  Climatic Change,  139(3-4), pp.461-475. Scarano, F.R. and Ceotto, P., 2015. Brazilian Atlantic forest: impact, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change.  Biodiversity and Conservation,  24(9), pp.2319-2331 Green, D. and Minchin, L., 2014. Living on climate-changed country: Indigenous health, well-being and climate change in remote Australian communities.  EcoHealth,  11(2), pp.263-272. Hugo, G. and Wall, J., 2015. Climate change and environmental influences on australia’s population distribution.  Health of People, Places and Planet: Reflections based on Tony McMichael’s four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding, p.177. Maru, Y.T., Race, D., Sparrow, A., Mathew, S. and Chewings, V., 2015. Adaptation as a trigger for transformation pathways in remote Indigenous communities. In  Innovation in the Rangelands, Australian Rangeland Society 18th Biennial Conference. Schwerdtle, P., Bowen, K. and McMichael, C., 2018. The health impacts of climate-related migration.  BMC medicine,  16(1), p.1. Spencer, B., Lawler, J., Lowe, C., Thompson, L., Hinckley, T., Kim, S.H., Bolton, S., Meschke, S., Olden, J.D. and Voss, J., 2017. Case studies in co-benefits approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation.  Journal of environmental planning and management,  60(4), pp.647-667.

How Marketing has changed because of the development of technology Essay

How Marketing has changed because of the development of technology - Essay Example The author of the essay "Change of Marketing due to Technological Advances" assumes that in the present situation of ever advancing technology, a focus on marketing is needed. The identification of best plans to acquire market share and defeating competitors also should be included in marketing strategy. The creation of essential components of the product and market strategy is needed. Making a product nearer to the customer is also a compulsion in the competitive market. After the advent of information technology, the marketing took new turn and the clients are being contacted through internet or the network of the companies. The marketing strategy inherent in the internet or web based services is making the customer’s work easy to contact the vendor, manufacturer or service provider. This makes the producer or the service provider’s work easy of searching a customer. For example, Cisco Systems and Bay networks turned into a billion dollar networks or companies within a short span of time. Similarly Sony company has shipped ten million CD players in sever years before 1992 and after that they have shipped same number in 7 months by the advent of internet or web services in marketing. This induced speed in the marketing strategies, by establishing a contact between customer and the manufacturer or the service provider. In this paper the author analyses internet marketing, and in the end of the essay gives an action plan and time table that requires three years period.

WRITE YOUR OWN CONSTITUTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WRITE YOUR OWN CONSTITUTION - Essay Example In 1938, Romania was under dictatorship government. In addition, there was reckless dissolution of it political system by the political leaders. However, a stable government requires a well written constitution that exercises rules and regulations (Founding unites states fathers 34). Romania needs the establishment of a stable democratic form of government. For this to succeed, it requires a written constitution that set the basic democracy principles (Founding unites states fathers 45). The purpose of the constitution is to give people the right to choose a government of their interest, put enduring limits on the government, and entrench rules in the constitution. The following is a model constitution that Romania democratic government can adopt. The goal of a democratic government is to give people the right to control the government. This will demolish dictatorship and allow people to elect politicians of their choice. People will be able to put limits on the officials by dividing power among diverse parts of the government. In addition, people will require the government to respect their individual rights and be accountable through allowing regular and free elections. This will be a body of government consisting of two legislative houses which include: the house of representative and the senate. The senate house will be smaller with its members serving for longer terms. On the other hand, the house of representative will be large than the senate. Its members will serve for shorter terms. However, the two houses will be responsible of making laws through two ways. The first one will be through veto override. This is a process by which the two houses will use to vote on a bill voted by the president. In addition, two-thirds votes from each house will be required in order to pass a bill. The second one will be filibuster which will involve a parliamentary procedure for extending debates. One or more members, in the two

Inconsistent Terminology for Emerging Technologies :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Inconsistent Terminology for Emerging Technologies Emerging technologies affect not only the computing world but other worlds as well. In the past ten years the English language has expanded to include new terms such as blog and instant messaging. Unfortunately, not all new words are reviewed and approved by a central source and often common terminology fragments into different styles and usage. Perhaps the word web site best typifies this behavior. Although a web site is hardly new in terms of technology, publications have been rife with inconsistent usage. However, of the various permutations, the etymology of web site is the most practical. Most traditional sources such as the American Psychological Association Style Guide seem to skirt the issue altogether with a list that includes Web and e-mail, but not site. Or, when electronic sources are cited, they are listed as being found â€Å"on-line† (APA). While traditional style guides have often outlined best practices for grammar and terminology, only a few published style guides are dedicated to the forum of the World Wide Web. One of the oldest web-dedicated style guides, the Yale Style Guide, makes no direct reference to the usage of the term web site, but consistently refers to it as Web site. Additionally, Gerry McGovern’s Web Content Style Guide adheres to the one-word usage of website. However, the same book curiously advises two different usages of the word web. The use of a capitalized Web is recommended when the word is used on its own to refer to the World Wide Web (example; The Web has grown immensely in popularity.). The second use is a lowercase web, when the word is used as an adjective, such as web users (McGovern 2002). A brief look at online web dictionaries and terminology guides may indicate that Web site is the most popular term. Webopaedia uses the Web site as an entry, as well as NetLingo. But when turning to the experts of the Web, such as Jakob Nielsen, one will discover that Nielsen voices stong opinions about web usability standards but goes against the grain in his use of the term website. In 1997, Wired magazine launched a short-lived companion site to its published handbook WiredStyle with the following explanation for its use of Web site: "Web" is a proper noun, and so deserves its initial cap. When using "Web" as a modifier, we keep the cap and strongly resist the urge to close "Web" up with other nouns.

Architectural Design of Religious Temples

Abstraction Over clip new innovations and finds have taken topographic point in conveying promotion to engineering. So the society, people, and their outlook gets adapted to the technological promotion. The things used by them acquire modified, so make their gustatory sensations. Similarly there is besides a immense alteration in the environment, architecture, the infinites they use, the type of nutrient they have, etc. Sing these alterations in the society, there is besides a immense alteration in the manner a TEMPLE ; a topographic point of worship is related to the society. Over centuries the temples’ map changed from a societal establishment to a topographic point of community assemblage, though there is no considerable alteration in its design. Is it due to imitation of the architectural signifier from one coevals to other? Does this piece of architecture Tells us about the society of this period as other pieces of architecture make? Make it still show the promotion in the engineering? Is it still run under high backing? This thesis attempts to consider upon these issues and to get on a solution on how a modern-day temple should look like. Introduction In Hinduism ‘TEMPLE’ ( mandir ) is a construction that houses the Gods ( Encyclopaedia ) . It was designed to be used as a focal point for all facets of life, viz. , spiritual, cultural, educational and societal. It helps a visitant to exceed from his universe so that he connects with the supreme authorization, the GOD. They are besides taken as topographic points of enlightenment and release. Hence the rules of planing temples were derived maintaining everything in head. Initially the temple did work the manner it was designed to be. A piece of architecture is said to reflect the clip and the type of society to which it belongs. There is a alteration in everything around us. We started populating and working in multi floor flats with glass frontages go forthing behind the huts and cottages. But a considerable alteration in temples is non witnessed. After the development of the temple typology, subsequently was merely imitation or embroidery. ‘In existent universe of architectural building, temples were built by imitation: one coevals copying the predecessor or one challenger designer, but ever with some minor alterations to maintain client involvement alive.’ ( Oijevaar, 2007 ) IMPORTANCE OF TEMPLE IN THE PAST A Temple was one time the most of import edifice in the society. It proved to be the godly power, the tallest edifice in the society. The male monarch paid backing to the building of it. It besides symbolised the power and profusion of the land. Hence, a immense land was allocated and a immense sum of money was commissioned in the building. Lot of Masons, applied scientists, sculpturers and laborers were engaged in its design and executing. The devising of a temple was a large carnival which continued over old ages depending on the hugeness of the temple. There are temples that were built over the reins of two to three dynasties. The devising of temple was besides a manner of employment in the land. DESIGN DERIVATION Temples marked the passage of the Vedic faith into Hinduism. The impression of symbolizing everything of import with a human figure and devising graven images to idolize them led to the outgrowth of a TEMPLE. Initially the typology was inspired from the Buddhist architecture. The first singular temple, the Durga Temple at Aiholi was said to be a chaitya hall with a peep on the top. The impression of ‘cave in a mountain’ was imitated by the designers of that period which led to the development of an interior sanctum or garbha griha, a topographic point where the graven image was placed. A pillared hall known as mandapa was designed in forepart of it so that people can stand and idolize. Hence the initial temple was merely a edifice made as a reproduction of a cave in a mountain with merely two suites viz. garbha griha for the graven image and a mandapa for other activities severally. These were square suites ( square taken as a sanctum form harmonizing to vastu shastra ) covered with a slab above so that the fans are non disturbed by any external elements. The illustrations of such temples are found in assorted topographic points around Karnataka ( Aihole ) which was taken as the topographic point of experimentation for temple architecture. After the development of the basic program type in Aihole, now the job emerged in giving it a proper form so that it becomes a brilliant piece of architecture so that it overpowers the society. Hence the demand of a ascendant characteristic in the edifice emerged which subsequently gave rise to a perpendicular shrine or shikara. In initial illustrations one can detect shikara merely on the garbha griha with a level roof on the mandapa but in class of clip the level roof on mandapa was besides replaced by a shikara ( smaller than that on the garbha griha ) . Slowly the priest started populating following to the temple, the school ( Veda patashala ) where younger male childs were taught Vedas besides became a map of the temple which led to the development of more figure of little suites around the temple. Besides the maps like amusement in footings of dance or/and music public presentations for God, the topographic point to feed people with the prasadam led to development of more figur e of mandapas. The temple with its mandapas, other little divinities ( by and large somehow related to the chief divinity ) , pundits’’ house, Veda patashala, temple armored combat vehicle, etc. came to be known as temple composite. Finally a immense wall was built around it to safeguard the topographic point allotted to temple with an entryway besides known as gopuram. Besides the temples were developed in a manner that it gives a ocular banquet to the visitant come ining it so that he enters into a different universe mentally. This is done by planing the insides of temple and adorning them with sculptures, pictures and letterings from assorted books like bagawadgita, Ramayana, etc. Though the development seemed to be really common all over the state, the facet of regionalism has played an of import function in the development of a temple’s design. Hence many differences have been noticed in the assorted temples of different parts. One known as the north Indian or the Nagara had a different attack of planing compared to the 1 of South Indian or the Dravidian. Still the indispensable characteristics of design viz. garbha griha, mandapa, shikara remain to be present in both the manners though they appeared otherwise. Footing: Vimana/ Prasada/ Shrine: ‘The shrine proper is termed asVimana( measured out ) in the southern context, the northern equivalent beingPrasada( castle ; literally place of the divinity ) ’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . It contains a sanctum,garbha griha,normally square. While some early shrines seem to hold been level roofed, aNagaraorDravidashrine has a superstructure as an built-in portion. The inside of the ace construction is seldom accessible, and sometimes filled with solid and rubble. Shrines may be rectangular, apsidal, round or octangular. However thegarbha grihaby and large remains in square form, except for the rectangular shrines. Most of the programs are square or square generated giving importance to the four central waies. Generally square generated extraneous programs undergo maximal figure of projections and germinate towards a more marked cardinal accent. Garbha Griha: The interior sanctum is known asgarbha griha.Thegarbha grihais a little dark room in which the graven image is placed. Derived from the construct of ‘cave in a mountain’ .It is by and large square or derivative of square in form. Not accessible for general public, private infinite of God. Mandapa/Jagmohana: All the shrines have a porch which allows people or the god retainers to transport out their activities known asmandapa. Amandapamight be a closed one or an unfastened porch. The closedmandapasget light through the door ways. The figure of room accesss to themandapamay change from one to three. In add-on to it the thick walls ofmandapashold bright holes of rock traceries as Windowss for the visible radiation to perforate interior. Sometimes light pouches are besides given in the roof of the construction. The visible radiation entered here reflects from the floor and reaches the ceiling making a Godhead consequence inside the mandapa. Hence the ceilings are carved in most of the mandapas. Themandapaswere constructed in station and beam building merely copying the wooden architecture that existed before. The distance between the columns depended on the length of the rock which itself is dependent on the class and distance of the prey. Spans barely exceeded 2.5m. The initialmandapas( 6Thursday-7Thursdaycenturies ) had level roofs where a rock was laid out as a ceiling with a few carvings from indoors so as to make a sophisticated consequence. From 8Thursdaycentury onwards the mandapas started reflecting the shrine itself though in a relatively smaller graduated table. A cardinal bay started ruling the program which besides acts as the axis. ‘corbelled construction- the method of stepping horizontal classs increasingly frontward to cover a infinite, prevented from tumbling by the weight of masonry pressing down at the rear- developed well from the 10Thursdaycentury’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . Pradakshina patha: The circumambulatory way one takes around the temple in a clockwise way is termed aspradakshina.Here the outside of the sanctum conveys the thought of an interior temple. For this particularly a way is built around the temple with rocks and this way is known aspradakshina patha.It is believed to be a frightened way. It is taken in clockwise way as suns way is clockwise. Natya mandapa: In ulterior clip there were a legion editions in a temple. The temple started developing more as a societal establishment ; therefore things like amusement besides became the portion of its rites. To go on these rites a different mandapa, by and large connected or a stand-alone construction in forepart of the jagmohana was built. This mandapa is known asnatya mandapa. There is a immense alteration in the manner thenatya mandapawas built when we compare fromlingarajtokonark. It has seen a immense development due to the addition of the undertaking size or backing. Bhog mandapa: Amandapawas besides designed in the later temples where people can sit and hold theprasadamof the temple. Basically they are pillared halls with attractively carved pillars where people sit and eat.Bhogsignificanceprasadamis how the name of it has been arrived. This is non normally found in big figure of temples. A characteristic nowadays in developedNagaratemples fromlingarajtopuri. It disappeared afterpuriinkonark. Gopuram: The entryway gateway of a temple is known asgopuram. It was ab initio a grade able construction, smaller than the shrine proper to tag the entryway to a temple. Over clip it evolved to be the most of import construction and hence its size increased. The tallest and the most brilliantgopuramsare seen inmeenakshitempleMadurai, where thegopuramexpressions like commanding the nature around.Gopuramsare by and large found inDravidiantemples. Coming toNagaratemples, agopuramwas found inmukteswar, but in farther development it merely disappeared. NAGARA: This typology is fundamentally defined to possess curvilineal steeples with square programs. After the experimentation of the basic design in Aihole, the farther development of this typology happened in Odisha near Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar became the experimentation land. The first noteworthy temple here is known asparasurameswar,a temple devoted for the GodShivabuilt in 7Thursdaycentury AD. ‘The temple has a level roofed rectangular pillared hall known asjagmohanaattached to atri-rathadeul( sanctum ) , which carried a chunky heavy- shoulderedshikara.The carvings are known for their appeal and inactive volume’ ( ASI ) . Following remark-able development is marked by the temple of mukteswara, built in 10Thursdaycentury AD with the debut of a gopuram and a boundary wall to the temple. Mukteswara is defines as ‘a dream realised in sandstone’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) , ‘a treasure in Odishan architecture’ ( ASI ) . Elegantly decorated from top to bottom it is designed with a low heighted boundary wall and an entrywaytorana. This temple is known for its sculptural beauty and besides its archeological promotion. From the level roof over the Jagmohana it is developed into a pyramidic deul. This was achieved by little corbelling of the rocks, yet it was an achievement thought of the clip it was designed. The deul is pancha ratha on program and stands on a low platform. The peda deul ( pyramidic shikara ) has two latticed Windowss on north and South, where the outer most portion of the window depicts humourous scenes of a monkey’s life. The ceiling of jagmohana is intentionally carved in the signifier of a blown Nelumbo nucifera. The pillars of this temple are really much noteworthy. The debut of serpent pillars, alleviation figures and statuettes,gaja simhason pilasters was all new. Thetorana, known asmakara toranahas two crocodiles’ caputs both towards two different sides and their dress suits run intoing each other. The carvings of different goddess besides present on it. The cellar of the pillars back uping the arch, square in subdivision contains on each face a illumination temple flanked at the top bygaja simhas. The sixteen- sided shafts consist each of four blocks of rock of which the topmost has cringles of pearl strings hanging down from the oral cavities of row ofkritti mukhasabove. The following temple that marked a singular development is the temple of Raja- Rani. Though it went a small off in the development procedure, it still has its ain part in the development of Nagara typology. The full Shiva temples end with the name of ishwar ex. Parasurameswar, mukteswara, etc. there is a narrative behind the name of this temple. This temple was expected to be a pleasance resort for the male monarch and the queen as the graven image is losing but M.M.Ganguly justly rejects it by speaking about the absence of the stallss, out houses, etc. ‘ The name Raja-Rani has been derived from really all right grain xanthous sandstone known as Raja Rani in common parlance’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Due to the missing of the divinity inside the temple, there are still confusions if the temple was dedicated to lord Shiva or Godhead Vishnu. ‘The subsequently milepost in development, the temple of Ananth Vasudev being a Vaishnavite temple and on the scrutiny ‘khura pristha’ or the upper pedestal carved as it is with the petals of Nelumbo nucifera it appears that the temple was meant for being dedicated to Vishnu’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Hence there is no verification on the divinity of this temple. The torana that appeared in mukteswara was lost by the clip Raja Rani was made. There is non much difference in the program signifier. The deul is a pancha ratha program that stands on a certain pedestal. In line following is theVaishnavitetemple, the temple of Vishnu in the signifier of lord Krishna known asAnanth Vasudev. Here two newmandapashave seen to be emerged in the regular program signifier. By so the function of temple in a society has drastically increased. The more now became more of a societal establishment instead than merely a spiritual topographic point. Hence the maps like amusement, contribution, etc. have come into the temple premises increasing the graduated table of the temple and giving rise to thenatyaandBhog mandapas. All thesemandapaswere covered by a pyramidaldeul ( pida deul ), except for therekha deulon thegarbha griha.Rekha deulis tallest of all with diminishing tallness of eachdeulin order. In programLingarajtemple was really similar toAnanth Vasudevbut it is ashaivitetemple. The program signifier has evolved to the proper extent inAnanth Vasudevand as clip passed the hugeness of the temple increased.Lingarajis the most noteworthy temple all over Odisha. It stands a mid of a legion little shrines. LikeAnanth Vasudevit has a three Chamberss frontal portion consisting ofjagmohana,natya mandapaandBhog mandapa. There are clear groundss that the other threemandapasare ulterior add-on to the bing construction though there is a continuance of sculptures found. Switching from Bhubaneswar the following singular temple was built in puri normally known asJagannath mandir.For the first clip a temple was designed in the signifier of a chariot. Chariot being the vehicle of God, the temples besides have taken the signifier of a chariot. This temple has a garbha griha, jagmohana, natya and Bhog mandapas placed on a ratha. The ratha was fundamentally a raised platform with wheels carved on it. The graduated table of the temple was immense compared to Lingaraj, though the program signifier remained the same. A composite was designed for it with boundary walls and a proper entryway manner was provided. Inside the complex were legion little shrines dedicated to different Gods along with the chief shrine. Konark temple defined as the ‘black pagoda’ ( Behra, 2007 ) is situated in Konark, a topographic point near Bhubaneswar. The graduated table of the temple is really immense compared to the remainder of the edifices of that epoch. It is considered as one of the best in footings of technological promotion of that clip. Coming to the program signifier, this temples’ signifier is a small different compared to the Jagannath mandir, though it is besides designed to be a chariot. A chariot of the Sun God which had 12 braces of wheels carved out on its pedestal. Over the chariot are the garbha griha and the jagmohana. A natya mandapa remains to be a standalone construction in the composite. The complex contains other smaller shrines along with the chief shrine. All these temples represented the clip in which they were built. They represented the society, the profusion of the land, and the technological promotion of that clip which is non precisely what the temples of day-to twenty-four hours represent. Further I would wish to travel through the development in Dravidian typology, refer to the designing of temples today and there relation with society and engineering and would wish to stop with the parametric quantities required in planing a modern-day temple. Mentions Online lexicon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thefreedictionary.com/Temple ) Oijevaar K.J, September 2007, The South Indian Hindu temple constructing design system on the architecture of shilpa shastra and the Dravidian manner, Delft University of engineering, Netherlands, pg.4 Karuna Sagar Behra, 1993, Temples of Orissa, Orissa sahitya academy Krishna Chandra Panigrahi, 1961, Archaeological remains at Bhubaneswar, Kitab Mahal, pg.87-101 Adam Hardy, 2007, The temple architecture of India, John Willey and Sons ltd. Britain, pg.90-105 Karuna Sagar Behra, 2005, Konark – The Black Pagoda, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & A ; Broadcasting, Government of India

Economic Impact of 9/11 on Pakistan - 966 Words

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF 9/11 ON PAKISTAN Nine years down 9/11, we note that three countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan bore the brunt of the aftermath of the dastardly deed. Destruction and mayhem resulting from the occupation of Iraq has regressed it from a booming oil economy into a hotbed of terror attacks. Then Afghanistan, which was already reeling under the impact of the after effects of the Soviet invasion and tribal wars for supremacy, has retrogressed further after the US-led invasion. The Taliban resurgence and machination by various secret services to establish their presence for their nefarious designs, makes Afghanistan a battleground for proxy wars. What is more, Pakistan got sucked into the war on terror, in response to the†¦show more content†¦Due to this depreciation of the currency, it has increased the cost of imports; hence, increasing the prices of various consumer goods. The trade deficit stands at a staggering $20 billion, as against a projected oil import bill of $11 billion which can only be paid by completely depleting the country’s foreign exchange reserves. The trend is unlikely to be reversed. The price of oil five years ago was a mere $25 per barrel. In view of the prevailing environment, fraught with risks, the government is constrained to give top priority to security and is bound to spend more on the security and law enforcing agencies, compromising development expenditures. Countert-errorism efforts, do not entail the high security measures for VIPs only, but in view of the armed forces and security agencies, financial, medical and educational institutions being targeted, allocation of the scarce resources to security has resulted in the acute decline in productive spending in the economy. The law and order situation has deteriorated to such an extent that Pakistan, which was a co-host for the 2011 Cricket World Cup, along with India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, has been deprived of the opportunity. It is estimated that the PCB will lose $10.5 million, due to the tournament being taken away from them. According to the Finance Division, in terms of the economic impact, the fallout on Pakistan has also been immense. As a frontline state in theShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment Into Pakistan977 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Causes of Foreign direct investment into Pakistan. Aim and objectives: The dissertation topic will focus on the importance of foreign direct investment into Pakistan’s Economy and will also focus around the causes of foreign direct investment. 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