Two Theories of Literacy Development - 1395 Words

In this task I am going to identify 2 different theories of language development I am going to be doing, Naom Chomsky and Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget According to Piaget, language development is related to cognitive development, that is, the development of the child’s thinking determines when the child can learn to speak and what the child can say. For example, before a child can say, â€Å"This teddy is smaller than that one†, she/he must have developed the ability to judge differences in size. In Piaget’s view, children learn to talk ‘naturally’ when they are ‘ready’ without any deliberate teaching by adults he thinks children pick up language by repeated behavior. From doing his research into children’s language and how they think,†¦show more content†¦The Concrete Operations Stage, this stage was believed to have affected children aged between seven and eleven to twelve years old. During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and adult like , or more operational , although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Piaget claims that before the beginning of this stage, children s ideas about different objects, are formed and dominated by the appearance of the object. For example, there appears to be more blocks when they are spread out, than when they are in a small pile. During the Concrete Operational Stage, children gradually develop the ability to conserve , or learn that objects are not always the way that they appear to be. This occurs when children are able to take in many different aspects of an object, simply through looking at it. Children are able to begin to imagine different scenarios, or what if something was to happen. This is because they now have more operational thought. Children are generally first able to conserve ideas about objects with which they are most comfortable. Once children have learnt to conserve, they learn about reversibility . This means that they learn that if things are changed, they will still be the same as they used to be. For example, they learn th at if they spread out the pile of blocks, there are still as many there as before, even though it looks different! Formal Operations StageShow MoreRelatedKnowledge and Understanding in the Teaching of English1080 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Social Constructivist â€Å"theory, which outlines the importance of social context for cognitive development. Vygotsky theory benefits children’s literacy learning as children develop skills through the use of encouragement from an experienced educator or from their peers. Research has shown that as a result of Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory, early years literacy learning practices and student learning has been enhanced. Not only does â€Å"Social Constructivist† theory focus on constructing knowledgeRead MoreEarly Childhood Development : The Psychoanalytic Theories And The Constructivist Theories881 Words   |  4 Pagesa child development. Play will positively affect a child physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. Children learns various skills through play that will benefit them for the rest of their life. P lay helps children develop vocabulary and literacy capability, social skills. Research shows that children benefit, both from guided and unstructured play. Specialists define guided play as play structured to teach academic skills and concepts (Roskos, Tabors, and Lenhart 2004). Two major theoriesRead MoreEarly Literacy Difficulties Among Hispanic Students With Low Social Economic Status1215 Words   |  5 Pages Early Literacy Difficulties among Hispanic Students with Low Social Economic Status Ignacio Romero Central Washington University Developmental Challenge Paper The challenge that many students face upon entering first grade in a low social-economic status area is low literacy skills. The students represented in this developmental paper come from low income families whose parents were poorly educated, many illiterate. As a result, students would rarely read to at home, eitherRead MoreThe Relationship Between Literacy Achievement And Social Communication Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pages The Relationship Between Literacy Achievement and Social Communication: A Review of the Literature Capstone Research Paper SLP 6070 Research Methods Nova Southeastern University July 24th, 2016 Priya Singh â€Æ' Abstract Schools are social environments in which students learn through collaboration with their teachers and peers (Zins, Bloodworm, Weissberg, Wallberg, 2003). From a preschool to high school, students are forced to collaborate to lead to the sharing of resources and ideasRead MoreWhen Children Are Young Their Parents Are The Number One1617 Words   |  7 Pages When children are young their parents are the number one teacher and role model in their world. They guide the development of their young children and provide a context in which they will grow from positive and negative experiences that will later shape their development. The home environment includes the impact of socioeconomic status (SES), parental beliefs of reading and support (Yeo, Ong Ng, 2014). SES plays a large part in what tools the home environment has to offer to young childrenRead Moreâ€Å"Writing to Learn† in a Math Classroom Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of â€Å"Write to Learn† Reading and writing are the basis of the original meaning of literacy. This definition, however, changed over time and culture. The term has expanded to include computer literacy, digital literacy, information literacy, health literacy, etc. (Vacca, Vacca, Mraz, 2011). Nevertheless, the most important change to the term literacy is expanding the use of reading and writing. Literacy is defined as understanding, thinking and practicing the use of language in differentRead MoreThe Role of Multicultural Literature Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pageslearning English challenging therefore affecting their literacy learning. Moreover, it becomes difficult for the ELL to do academically well in school. A study done by National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in 2011 shows there is a significant achievement gap between the reading scores of ELLs and non-ELLs, with the non-ELL’s scores being much more higher than the ELLs( NAEP 2011). There have been many ways argued to help imp rove ELL’s literacy skills in order to raise their reading scores, oneRead MorePlay Is Important For A Child s Development1747 Words   |  7 PagesBefore we explore why play is important for a child’s development, let’s take a look at what exactly â€Å"play† is. Play can be a vague term in the educational world because its definition is unclear, especially when putting it in the context of a classroom. Play can be defined as anything a child does within the social context and sometimes it is defined as just recess or free time. There are confusing and conflicting definitions but there are two sure forms of play in the context of education: freeRead MoreDesigning A Curriculum For A Preschool1605 Words   |  7 Pagestheir personal, and academic development. It is crucial to design a developmentally appropriate environment, in order to help enhance a student’s cognitive, social, and language skills. The environment should consist of: ample spaces, props for dramatic play, development of a schedule that assures a balance of activities and choices, and opportunities for teacher observation and (learning, 2015). My ideal curriculum will be a blend of different philosophies, and theories, designed in correlation toRead MoreCommunication And Environment : Language Literacy Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironment Define Language Literacy in a Child In the bible says â€Å"Do you hear what these children are saying?† they asked him. â€Å"Yes,† replied Jesus, â€Å"have you never read, â€Å"‘From the lips of children and infants you, Lord, have called forth your praise’[a]?†. This means that He was listening and communicating with them in a culture where they were not supposed to be heard. Educators and researchers believes that oral language development is supported by literacy development in a child. Their language

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth s Temperature...

GLOBAL WARMING This term is used to describe the increase in the earth’s temperature. According to the Intergovermental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) around 95% of the global warming is caused due to greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are very harmful for the environment as they absorb and emit infrared radiations that the sun projects on the earth. This effect of greenhouse gases trapping the ultraviolet rays is called the greenhouse effect. There exist a number of causes, the major ones being the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, population growth and industrialization. Global warming causes various events around the world like rise in sea-level, ocean acidification, and extreme weather events like hurricanes, cyclones and tsunamis. â€Å"Food insecurity, migration, water stress and economic recession are some of the impacts associated with climate change. Termed as a â€Å"threat multiplier,† climate change is increasingly being recognized as a trigger of violent conflict a round the world.† [Khan Lone, A. (2015)] . There is an unquestionable amount of social conflict as well which arose due to global warming. DEFORESTATION The Lorax (Dr. Seuss) states its main message as â€Å"don’t cut trees†, deforestation is a major form of land degradation. Deforestation is an activity taking place in all parts of the world, especially developing countries. The requirement of land and timber for agricultural and industrial purposes has drawn many to cut down not just a few trees but vastShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1267 Words   |  6 Pages Over the course of the years global warming has become a threatening issue that scientists and the government have been cognizant about. 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Today, unfortunately, with the average temperature of the earth risingRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesMother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absor bedRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Hoax1506 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming is a Hoax Since 1975, the surface of the earth s average temperature has risen by 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit; global warming caused by greenhouse effect has become the focus topic of the world. It has long been recognized academically that due to the burning of coal, oil, natural gas and so on the carbon dioxide is the main culprit of global warming. I watched a documentary, which called â€Å"The Great Global Warming Swindle.† In the documentary, the scientists pointed out that there isRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesNovember, 29 2016 Global Warming/ Climate Change Global warming or also known as climate change refers to the increase heating of Earth s surface, oceans and atmosphere and its effects. It is unknown who was the first person to point out the term â€Å"Global Warming†, but since the late nineteenth century geologist started talking about that increasing carbon dioxide by combustion, which could be the cause of rising temperature. But if talk about 55 million years ago the Earth was in the Eocene (theRead MoreThe Potential Cause Of Global Warming1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe potential causes of global warming are debated about by many scientists. Many scientists believe that global warming is natural while others believe it to be caused by mostly humans. Global warming may be completely natural for many reasons. First, Earth tends to go through cycles of heating and cooling and this wouldn’t be the first time our planet has begun to heat up unexpectedly. Second, nobody can directly correlate humans with global warmin g, we may emit CO2 but that doesn’t mean we causedRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreAnalysis Of Earth s Blanket 1253 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor McKay GEO 1021 October 5, 2014 Earth s Blanket A great deal of chapter nine in our book, Discovering Physical Geography, discusses the various climates that exist within our world. As the chapter goes on, the book explains the past climate changes due to the numerous fluctuation in Earth s average temperature. One well known theory, the Milankovitch theory, explains that the fluctuation of Earth s temperature are due to the long-term variations in Earth s orbital eccentricity, tilt, and axialRead MoreGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans1343 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming, Not Caused by Humans In modern America few problems prove to be as fundamentally problematic as the theory of human induced global warming. Its repeated coverage from within the media and political arena are influencing people worldwide, putting those who think differently in an outcast shadow. The truth of the matter is, to not believe in human induced global warming has become politically incorrect and unacceptable in the public eye. The theory of human induced global warming canRead MoreThe Debate Of Global Warming894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Debate of Global Warming Climate change is a hot-button topic in politics, conversation, and education. Both sides of the ongoing debate claim disastrous consequences. On one hand, the view of an economic focus could make the market worse. On the other, the end of life as we know it. This is a comparison essay between Al Gore s documentary a vocal advocate for global warming reform and a film made by deniers. In the film Unstoppable Solar Cycles: Rethinking Global warming. The creators express

Evaluation of the UK Tax System and the Proposals of the Mirrlees Review Free Essays

Abstract The first part of this paper assesses the canons of taxation, generally acknowledged as the benchmark for good tax systems, in order to determine its critical elements and to evaluate the extent to which the taxation system for small businesses in the UK conforms to its principles. According to the classical suggestion by Adam Smith, a good tax system should be judged by four broad standards: a. clarity and certainty to the tax payer; b. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of the UK Tax System and the Proposals of the Mirrlees Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Low cost relative to yield c. convenience for the tax payer; d. Equity (i.e. the levying of taxes in a fair manner and according to one’s ability to pay). The taxation system for small businesses would be compared with these standards. The second part of this paper focuses on the recommendations of the Mirrlees review with a view to analyzing and discussing its level of conformity to the elements contained in the canons of taxation. A. Canons of Taxation and the UK’s Taxation System for Small Businesses The ‘canons’ of taxation proposed by Adam Smith in the 18th century have long been adjudged to be the standards by which good tax systems should be measured. In simple terms, these canons have to do with the equality, certainty, convenience of payment, and economy of tax collection (see MacKie-Mason and Gordon, 1997; Salanie, 2003). It is therefore pertinent to evaluate the extent to which the UK’s system of taxation for small businesses is consistent with these canons. Indeed, the issue of taxation of small businesses in the UK, and the merits or demerits of the system is one that has long generated controversy (Murphy, 2007: 3). However, there is a problem of interpretation as regards what constitutes a ‘small business’ given that the term’s heterogeneity also presents opportunities for debate (see Hertz, 1982); it is therefore necessary to contextualize the term in order to avoid confusion. For the purposes of this paper, it is sufficient to adopt the qualitative definition of small business as one that â€Å"independent firms that are managed by their owners in a personalised way†, regardless of their levels of turnover or profit (Crawford and Freedman, 2008: 4). Indeed, the definition of small business may also take the number of employees into account, and in this sense Freedman (2003: 18-19) suggests that if small business is to be defined in terms of having less 50 employees, then it could be taken that almost 99% of all businesses in the UK are small businesses. Furthermore, the three most widely used legal forms for small businesses in the UK, as reported by Freedman (2003: 20), are sole proprietorship, partnership, and Limited Liability Company. Table 1: Some Differences in Tax Treatment for UK Taxpayers *Source: Crawford and Freedman (2008: 9) There are a number of problematic issues that characterize the UK system of taxation for small businesses. Indeed, one of such issues has to do with the constant changes to small business taxation by government – a factor that arguably impedes small businesses’ capacity to make plans for the future, and also creates uncertainty and a general loss of confidence for small businesses (see PCG, 2007). These frequent changes may be a consequence of the notion that small businesses have special tax needs, which warrants frequent demands made on their behalf by politicians and other pressure groups for a variety of incentives, reliefs and concessions (Freedman, 2009: 155). Furthermore, the need for simplification of taxes is another important issue as it has been argued that a simple and neutral small business taxation system is more desirable than a more complex taxation system – even when such is designed to favour some categories of small businesses (Freedman, 2009: 171). Nonetheless, one of the central issues to note about the taxation system for small businesses (particularly unincorporated business forms) in the UK is the full integration of business and personal taxation occasioned by their being subject to income tax, capital gains tax, and National Insurance contributions (Lay and King, 1998; Freedman, 2003). The imposition of two distinct taxes on earnings (i.e. income tax and National Insurance contributions) can be argued to be largely unfavourable for small businesses particularly in view of the complicated and rather unusual and complex marginal rate structure that fluctuates between 40 percent to 60 percent, and then 40 percent to 50 percent (Insley, 2010). The barriers to UK small businesses brought about by taxation systems have also been recognized by the Office of Tax Simplification (OTS) which noted that the maintenance of two separate systems lead to â€Å"anomalies† that may create distortions in behaviour – leading to decisions that do not make commercial sense because they are wholly tax driven and complex (OTS, 2011: 13). There is also the controversy and discontent pertaining to the IR35 legislation which is perceived as placing unnecessary administrative burdens and uncertainties on small businesses and also creating opportunities for tax avoidance (see for instance Tyler, 2011). As such these shortcomings and ‘anomalies’ are arguably inconsistent with the canon of taxation that makes it imperative for tax liabilities and taxation systems to be clear and certain in order to avoid confusion, and for such systems to consider convenience of payment for taxpayers (Malcolm, 2009). On another level, it has been pointed out that sole traders in the UK are not regulated by clearly spelt out legal provisions with regards to legal form, and the business lacks a separate legal personality. Accordingly, a sole trader’s personal and business assets are not differentiated and this has been identified as having serious implications for such tax rules that may necessitate comprehensive records of the business’s assets alone, discrete from personal assets. Furthermore, Crawford and Freedman (2008) point out a key structural problem in small business taxation that involves an absence of neutrality between businesses with different legal forms. Small-business taxpayers that have similar accretions in their earnings are taxed differently, which reveals a system that is fundamentally inequitable. Indeed, given that a considerable number of small businesses in the UK are sole-traders or unincorporated entities, government’s attempt to promote greater incor poration (as a strategy for improving growth) has been argued to further exacerbate the problem of inequity in the tax systems and engendered more complex problems. These observations provide a clear indication that the tax systems for small businesses lacking in equity – thus violating one of the fundamental canons of taxation that sets down equality as a major parameter of good taxation. Taken together, it would seem that the major issues with the UK’s system for taxing small businesses encompass problems such as complexity, inequity, inconvenience of payment and in some cases costliness; thus exposing the elements of the canons of taxations that the tax system fails to emulate. B. Merits of the Mirrlees Review in relation to the Canons of Taxation In response to some of the problems and controversies trailing the UK’s taxation systems, the Mirrlees review was instituted to examine the main elements and areas of concern, and draft proposals for improving the country’s tax systems. The proposals broad goals are to simplify the country’s tax systems and put structures in place to ensure coherence and equity. Some of these proposals include the merger of National Insurance contributions and Income Tax; abolition of stamp duties; allowance for corporate equity amongst others (see IFS, 2010). However in the context of this paper and the focus on small business taxation, one proposal that is particularly relevant is that which recommends a proper integration of corporation tax with personal taxes, as well as a harmonization of tax rates on company profits on the basis of the levels of profits. Also in this regard, an ancillary proposal by the Mirrlees review suggests that the tax treatment of employment, self-emp loyment and corporate-source income should be aligned, and also the equalization of the marginal tax rates on earnings and different forms of capital income. Taken together, the aforementioned recommendations by the Mirrlees review represent a significant attempt to improve the UK’s tax system’s conformity to the canons of taxation. For instance, a simpler integration of corporation tax with personal taxes would help eliminate uncertainty and inequity in the way that incorporated small businesses and their owner-managers are taxed by clearly establishing and calculating the differences between the taxes levied on the businesses’ profits and the taxes on the incomes (salaries or dividends) of their owner-managers. Also, the harmonization of tax rates on company profits according to their levels of profit may effectively resolve the problem of inequitable taxation that is said to characterize the UK’s tax system (see Insley 2010). Additionally, the problem of complexity and costliness in tax rates and tax collection may be addressed by the alignment of the tax treatment for broad categories of income sources part icularly employment, self-employment and incorporated entities. To a large extent it can be argued that some of the changes proposed by Mirrlees review can have a positive effect on the taxation of small businesses in the UK – in line with the canons of taxation – specifically in terms of ensuring equity, certainty/clarity, and convenience of payment. This is more so as the majority of small business and taxation stakeholders and scholars are in agreement that radical reforms are necessary to stimulate growth of small businesses and encourage greater incorporation. References Crawford, C. and Freedman, J. (2008) Small Business Taxation, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London: Oxford University Press Freedman, J. (2003) Small Business Taxation: Policy Issues and the UK, Sydney: Australian Tax Research Foundation. Freedman, J. (2009) Reforming the Business Tax System: Does Size MatterFundamental Issues in Small Business Taxation, New York: Thomson Reuters Hertz, R. (1982) In Search of a Small Business Definition, Washington D.C.: University Press of America. IFS (2010) â€Å"Mirrlees Review of tax system recommends radical changes, Institute for Fiscal Studies†, Available at: http://www.ifs.org.uk/pr/mirrlees_launch.pdf [retrieved 17 March 2011] Insley, J. (2010) UK tax system is costly and inequitable, says Mirrlees Review, Guardian News, Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2010/nov/10/uk-tax-system-mirrlees-review [retrieved 18 March 2011] MacKie-Mason, J. and R. Gordon (1997), How much do taxes discourage incorporation?, Journal of Finance, 52 (2), 477-505 Malcolm, J. (2009) Taxation of Small Businesses, 2nd edition, London: Spiramus Press Murphy, R. (2007) Small Company Taxation in the UK: A review in the aftermath of the ‘Arctic Systems’ Ruling, London: Tax Research LLP OTS (2011) Small Business Tax Review, Office of Tax Simplification, London: Crown. PCG (2007) Response to the consultation on Business Tax Reform, London: Professional Contractors Group Salanie, B. (2003) The Economics of Taxation, Mass: MIT Press. Tyler, R. (2011) â€Å"Small Business Tax Review to Duck IR35†, Telegraph Media, Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/8369259/Small-business-tax-review-to-duck-IR35.html [retrieved 18 March 2011] How to cite Evaluation of the UK Tax System and the Proposals of the Mirrlees Review, Essay examples

A Visit to the Dentist free essay sample

A Visit to the Dentist I slowly and very reluctantly push the door open. The bell tinkles, with a soft but shrill ring. The smell of the rubber gloves and disinfectant which was attempted to hide through a cheap air freshener washes over me. Chairs are cluttered in the tiny waiting room of the dentists. Piles of magazines lie all over the scratched wood of the coffee tables, shiny bright plastic screaming out different logos and slogans. A little way forward from where I stand is a desk. A smiling receptionist sits there with a palstic smile on her face. She seems to have been expecting me somehow, as she motions for me to sit down on one of the couches or chairs. A few nervous patients are already there. They try to keep their eyes turned away from the closed, threatening doors leading to the dental surgery rooms, where the scary sounding high pitched screeching sound is coming from. We will write a custom essay sample on A Visit to the Dentist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every once in awhile, I hear a muffled bang, or cry. One by one, the receptionist calls out the patients name; â€Å"Sarah Klein! † or, â€Å"Devora Saks! † Covering all the walls are dramatic â€Å"Before/After† photos. They show yellow teeth, set crookedly in red raw swollen gums becoming perfectly white and straight. The walls are painted a clean white. However many different pictures of people with toothy grins look down at me, from newspaper clippings from over the years. I guess Im imagining it, but I can already taste the slightly stale, bubblegum flavoured gloves, the cool hard metal of the examining probe, and the chink clink it makes when it sometimes collides with my teeth. I can feel the vinyl of the reclining chairs, which are covered in plastic, and also which clammy legs have a habit to stick to. In my mind I see the perfect teeth of my dentist, a great advertisement for his business. I watch as a little girl leaves the dentists room. In her mouth she is biting down on a big piece of white cotton, that is slowly but surely turning red. Her eyes filled with tears, she runs towards her anxious mother. A friendly nurse offers her a balloon for her good behavior. She isnt interested. All she wants is to leave the office as soon as possible. She is tugging on her mothers hand as the nurse is giving her instructions on how to take care of her mouth. She is given a long list of foods not to eat. Watching this is not helping my anxiety level A sudden tapping of high heeled shoes from the corrior awakens me from my day dreaming. I look up. My pulse quickens, and my hands sweat, and I start trembling from head to toe. I swallow the huge lump in my throat that has accumulated somehow. Blood is pounding through my head, but even that doesnt help me tune out the dreaded words that I hear next; â€Å"Bassy Stein, Doctor Gross will see you now. †